Utilidad de la radiación electromagnética en el síndrome doloroso subcalcáneo / Value of Electromagnetic Radiation in Subcalcaneal Pain Syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: La causa común de dolor en la región subcalcánea es la fascitis plantar. Por su efecto analgésico y antiinflamatorio, el empleo de la radiación electromagnética en su tratamiento constituye una opción terapéutica. Objetivos: Evaluar la utilidad de la radiación electromagnética en pacientes que presentaban síndrome doloroso en la región subcalcánea y relacionar la mejoría clínica con los grupos de edades y sexos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a dos grupos de pacientes con dolor en la región subcalcánea. Para el análisis estadístico, al final del tratamiento se utilizó la prueba de homogeneidad λ2 con un nivel de significación de ά 0,05. Resultados: A las 20 sesiones de tratamiento, el 93,33 por ciento de los pacientes tratados con la radiación electromagnética no presentaron dolor, el 94,44 por ciento de ellos pertenecían al grupo de edades de 25-59 años y el 90,90 por ciento eran del sexo femenino. Conclusiones: Se evalúa de positiva la utilidad de la radiación electromagnética en el tratamiento del dolor en la región subcalcánea, con una diferencia significativa en relación con el tratamiento médico convencional. El mayor número de pacientes correspondió al grupo de edades entre 25 y 59 años, con predominio del sexo femenino(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The common cause of pain in the subcalcaneal region is plantar fasciitis. The electromagnetic radiation in its treatment constitutes a therapeutic option due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Objectives: To assess the value electromagnetic radiation in patients who suffered pain syndrome in the subcalcaneal region and to relate the clinical improvement with age and gender groups. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in two groups of patients with pain in the subcalcaneal region. For the statistical analysis, the λ2 homogeneity test was used at the end of the treatment with a significance level of ά 0.05. Results: After a treatment of 20 electromagnetic radiation sessions, 93.33 percent did not had pain, 94.44 percent were in the 25-to-59-year-olds group and 90.90 percent were women. Conclusions: The value of electromagnetic radiation in the treatment of pain in the subcalcaneal region is positively assessed, showing significant difference in relation to conventional medical treatment. The largest number of patients corresponded to the 25-to-59-year-olds group, with a predominance of women(AU)

Therapeutic evaluation of magnetic hyperthermia using Fe3O4-aminosilane-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in glioblastoma animal model / Avaliação terapêutica da técnica de magneto-hipertermia utilizando nanopartículas de Fe3O4 recobertas com aminosilana em modelo animal de glioblastoma

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the potential of magnetic hyperthermia using aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in glioblastoma tumor model. Methods: The aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were analyzed as to their stability in aqueous medium and their heating potential through specific absorption rate, when submitted to magnetic hyperthermia with different frequencies and intensities of alternating magnetic field. In magnetic hyperthermia in vitro assays, the C6 cells cultured and transduced with luciferase were analyzed by bioluminescence in the absence/presence of alternating magnetic field, and also with and without aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. In the in vivo study, the measurement of bioluminescence was performed 21 days after glioblastoma induction with C6 cells in rats. After 24 hours, the aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were implanted in animals, and magnetic hyperthermia was performed for 40 minutes, using the best conditions of frequency and intensity of alternating magnetic field tested in the in vitro study (the highest specific absorption rate value) and verified the difference of bioluminescence before and after magnetic hyperthermia. Results: The aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were stable, and their heating capacity increased along with higher frequency and intensity of alternating magnetic field. The magnetic hyperthermia application with 874kHz and 200 Gauss of alternating magnetic field determined the best value of specific absorption rate (194.917W/g). When these magnetic hyperthermia parameters were used in in vitro and in vivo analysis, resulted in cell death of 52.0% and 32.8%, respectively, detected by bioluminescence. Conclusion: The magnetic hyperthermia was promissing for the therapeutical process of glioblastoma tumors in animal model, using aminosilane-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which presented high specific absorption rate.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial da técnica de magneto-hipertermia utilizando nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana em modelo de tumores de glioblastoma. Métodos: As nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana foram avaliadas quanto à sua estabilidade em meio aquoso e a seu potencial de aquecimento pela taxa de absorção específica, quando submetidas à magneto-hipertermia, com diferentes frequências e intensidades de campo magnético alternado. Nos ensaios de magneto-hipertermia in vitro, as células C6 cultivadas e transduzidas com luciferase foram avaliadas por bioluminescência na presença/ausência do campo magnético alternado, como também com e sem nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana. No estudo in vivo, a medida de bioluminescência foi adquirida no 21º dia após indução do glioblastoma com células C6 nos ratos. Após 24 horas, as nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana foram implantadas no animal, tendo sido realizada a magneto-hipertermia por 40 minutos, nas melhores condições de frequência e intensidade de campo magnético alternado testado no estudo in vitro (maior valor da taxa de absorção específica); foi verificada a diferença do bioluminescência antes e após a magneto-hipertermia. Resultados: As nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana se mostraram estáveis, e sua capacidade de aquecimento aumentou com o incremento da frequência e da intensidade de campo magnético alternado. A aplicação da magneto-hipertermia, com 874kHz e 200 Gauss do campo magnético alternado, determinou o melhor valor da taxa de absorção específica (194,917W/g). Quando utilizados, estes parâmetros de magneto-hipertermia in vitro resultaram em morte celular de 52,0% e in vivo de 32,8% por bioluminescência. Conclusão: A técnica de magneto-hipertermia foi promissora para o processo terapêutico de tumores de glioblastoma no modelo animal utilizando as nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro recobertas com aminosilana recobertas com aminosilana, que apresentaram alta taxa de absorção específica.

Campo magnético de frecuencia extremadamente baja: Seguridad de su aplicación a nivel del sistema nervioso central / Magnetic field of extremely low frequency: Safety of its application at the level of the central nervous system

Introducción: La enfermedad cerebrovascular constituye un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial. En la actualidad se desarrollan investigaciones científicas dedicadas al estudio de los efectos del campo magnético de frecuencia extremadamente baja para su tratamiento. No es suficientemente clara la información acerca de su inocuidad en las dosis estudiadas. Objetivo: Estudiar la seguridad de la aplicación del campo magnético de frecuencia extremadamente baja a nivel del sistema nervioso central a través de un estudio toxicológico a dosis aguda, repetida y ensayo de micronúcleos en médula ósea. Métodos: Se conformaron tres grupos experimentales con ratas Sprague Dawley Cenp:SPRD jóvenes y sanas para los experimentos de toxicidad y ratones CENP: NMRI para la evaluación mutagénica. Se utilizaron controles negativos no tratados. En el ensayo de micronúcleos se incorporó un grupo control positivo al que se administró Ciclofosfamida por vía intraperitoneal. Se aplicó un campo magnético no homogéneo con niveles de inducción magnética de 6,5 y 15 mT, tomando como referencia el valor máximo sobre la superficie de la bobina. Para la aplicación del campo magnético la bobina estimuladora se colocó sobre la cabeza asegurando la exposición completa del encéfalo. Resultados: En ninguno de los ensayos se detectaron signos de toxicidad. Se comprobó así mismo que no se indujeron efectos genotóxicos ni citotóxicos sobre las células somáticas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con campo magnético de frecuencia extremadamente baja a nivel del sistema nervioso central en las condiciones experimentales y dosis estudiadas es seguro(AU)

Introduction: Stroke is a major health problem all over the world. Nowadays are developed scientific researches devoted to the study of extremely low frequency magnetic field effects over this illness. The information about it safety is unclear yet. Objective: To study the safety of extremely low frequency magnetic field applied at central nervous system level wasby means ofa toxicological assay (Acute, repeated doses and micronucleus in bone marrow assay) Methods: Three experimental groups were made with Sprague Dawley Cenp: SPRD young and healthy rats for toxicity experiments and CENP: NMRI mice for mutagen evaluation. Untreated negative controls were used. In the micronucleus assay, an additional positive control group was included. This group received Cyclophosphamide by intraperitoneal administration. Was applied a non-homogenousmagnetic fieldof 6,5 and 15 mT, taken as reference the maximum value over the coil surface. The coil was positioned over the head, ensuring full exposure of brain to magnetic field. Results : In none of trials were detected any sign of toxicity. It was also found no genotoxic or cytotoxic effects induced on somatic cells. Conclusions : These results indicated the safety of treatmentwith extremely low frequency magnetic field at central nervous system level for experimental conditions and doses studied(AU)

Effects of a buried magnetic field on cranial bone reconstruction in rats

ABSTRACT The understanding of bone repair phenomena is a fundamental part of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of buried magnetic field stimulation on bone repair in rat calvaria after reconstruction with autogenous bone grafts, synthetic powdered hydroxyapatite, or allogeneic cartilage grafts, with or without exposure to magnetic stimulation. Material and Methods Ninety male Wistar rats were divided into 18 groups of five animals each. Critical bone defects were created in the rats’ calvaria and immediately reconstructed with autogenous bone, powdered synthetic hydroxyapatite or allogeneic cartilage. Magnetic implants were also placed in half the animals. Rats were euthanized for analysis at 15, 30, and 60 postoperative days. Histomorphometric analyses of the quantity of bone repair were performed at all times. Results These analyses showed significant group by postoperative time interactions (p=0.008). Among the rats subjected to autogenous bone reconstruction, those exposed to magnetic stimulation had higher bone fill percentages than those without magnetic implants. Results also showed that the quality of bone repair remained higher in the former group as compared to the latter at 60 postoperative days. Conclusions After 60 postoperative days, bone repair was greater in the group treated with autogenous bone grafts and exposed to a magnetic field, and bone repair was most pronounced in animals treated with autogenous bone grafts, followed by those treated with powdered synthetic hydroxyapatite and allogeneic cartilage grafts.

Therapeutic mechanism of treating SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells with magnetic fluid hyperthermia using Fe2O3 nanoparticles

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of treating SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) using Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells cultured in vitro were treated with ferrofluid containing Fe2O3 nanoparticles and irradiated with an alternating radio frequency magnetic field. The influence of the treatment on the cells was examined by inverted microscopy, MTT and flow cytometry. To study the therapeutic mechanism of the Fe2O3 MFH, Hsp70, Bax, Bcl-2 and p53 were detected by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It was shown that Fe2O3 MFH could cause cellular necrosis, induce cellular apoptosis, and significantly inhibit cellular growth, all of which appeared to be dependent on the concentration of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Immunocytochemistry results showed that MFH could induce high expression of Hsp70 and Bax, decrease the expression of mutant p53, and had little effect on Bcl-2. RT-PCR indicated that Hsp70 expression was high in the early stage of MFH (<24 h) and became low or absent after 24 h of MFH treatment. It can be concluded that Fe2O3 MFH significantly inhibited the proliferation of in vitro cultured liver cancer cells (SMMC-7721), induced cell apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Fe2O3 MFH can induce high Hsp70 expression at an early stage, enhance the expression of Bax, and decrease the expression of mutant p53, which promotes the apoptosis of tumor cells.

Electromagnetic stimulation as coadjuvant in the healing of diaphyseal femoral fractures: a randomized controlled trial / Estimulación electromagnética como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de fracturas diafisarias de fémur: Ensayo clínico aleatorio

Introduction: There is controversy in medical literature regarding the use of electromagnetic fields to promote bone healing. Methods: After designing and building devices capable of generating an electromagnetic field for this study, their safety was confirmed and the electromagnetic therapy was randomly allocated and compared to placebo in patients with fracture of the femoral diaphysis. Treatment began six weeks after the fracture and it was administered once a day, during 1 h, for eight consecutive weeks. Twenty devices were built, 10 of which were placebo-devices. Between June 2008 and October 2009, 64 patients were randomized in two different hospitals and were followed for 24 weeks. The mean age was 30 years (18-59) and 81% were males. Results: Healing observed at week 12 was 75% vs. 58% (p= 0.1); at week 18, it was 94% vs. 80% (p= 0.15); and at week 24, it was 94% vs. 87% (p= 0.43) for the device group and the placebo group, respectively. Discussion: This study suggests that an electromagnetic field stimulus can promote earlier bone healing compared to placebo in femoral diaphyseal fractures. Faster bone healing translates into sooner weight bearing, which - in turn - permits quicker return to normal daily activities.

Introducción: El uso de estimulación electromagnética como coadyuvante en la consolidación de fracturas es controversial en la literatura médica. Métodos: Para este estudio, se diseñó y construyó un dispositivo capaz de generar un campo electromagnético. Tras confirmar su seguridad se asignaron pacientes aleatoriamente con fractura diafisaria de fémur a recibir terapia electromagnética o placebo. La estimulación inició a las seis semanas de la fractura, 1 h diaria, por ocho semanas consecutivas. Se construyeron 20 dispositivos, 10 reales y 10 dispositivos-placebo. Entre junio 2008 y octubre 2009, ingresaron 64 pacientes al estudio de dos instituciones y fueron seguidos durante 24 semanas. El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 30 años (rango 18-59) y 81% eran de sexo masculino. Resultados: La consolidación observada para el grupo con el dispositivo y el grupo placebo fue: en la semana 12, 75% vs. 58% (p =0.1); en la semana 18, 94% vs. 80% (p =0.15) y en la semana 24, 94% vs. 87% (p =0.43). Discusión: Este estudio muestra una tendencia a la consolidación más temprana al estar expuesto a un campo electromagnético frente a placebo. Una consolidación más temprana permite un apoyo precoz y, así, más rápida reincorporación al trabajo y a las actividades cotidianas.

Evaluation of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic therapy in the treatment of back pain: a randomized controlled trial in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria / Evaluación de la eficacia de la terapia electromagnética en pulsos en el tratamiento de lumbago: prueba controlada aleatoria en un hospital terciario de Nigeria

Musculoskeletal system disorders (MSDs) are amongst the most commonly encountered problems in orthopaedics and physiotherapy practice all over the world and back pain is amongst the most prevalent of musculoskeletal presentations encountered in clinical practice. The attendant deformities, huge economic loss among many other sequelae on the affected individuals have always informed the search for costeffective treatment modalities that are noninvasive and are devoid of, or at least have minimal side effects. This randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy of the use of a nonpharmacological device [pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF)] modality in the treatment of back pain. A total of 16 patients (mean age: 42.82 ± 8.63 years) with back pain without radiculopathy who met the inclusion criteria were purposively enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A had eight patients treated with PEMF plus medications (analgesics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory - diclofenac sodium) while the eight patients in group B were treated with only standard medications. The PEMF device was applied in group A four times a day for the period the patients were admitted (maximum of nine days). Measured outcome parameters were reduction in pain as assessed with numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and improvement in functional ability status as assessed with functional activity scale (FAS). Obtained data were analysed with paired and independent ttest to test the significant efficacy of the treatment outcomes in the two groups. There was a statistically significant faster pain relief and resumption of active functions in patients treated with PEMF plus analgesic compared with the rates exhibited by patients treated with standard analgesics alone. These results suggest that PEMF therapy is beneficial in reducing pain and disability in patients with back pain and should be made part of holistic care for back pain. Further studies using PEMF on larger patient populations are advocated to further confirm the efficacy of PEMF therapy in back pain management.

Los trastornos del sistema músculoesquelético (SME) se encuentran entre los problemas más comunes en la práctica de la ortopedia y la fisioterapia en todo el mundo, en tanto que el lumbago se halla entre las manifestaciones más prevalecientes en la práctica clínica. Las deformidades concomitantes y las enormes pérdidas económicas - entre otras muchas secuelas que afectan a los individuos en estos casos - han sido siempre razón para buscar modalidades de tratamientos costoefectivos, que no sean invasivos y estén totalmente libres de efectos secundarios, o tengan al menos efectos colaterales mínimos. Esta prueba controlada aleatoria se realizó para evaluar la eficacia terapéutica de una modalidad no farmacológica [terapia con campos electromagnéticos (PEMF)] en el tratamiento del lumbago. Un total de 16 pacientes (edad promedio: 42.82 ± 8.63 años) con lumbago sin radiculopatía, quienes satisfacían los criterios de inclusión criterios, fueron deliberadamente enrolados en este estudio. Los pacientes fueron aleatoriamente divididos en dos grupos. El grupo A estuvo formado por ocho pacientes tratados con PEMF además de medicamentos (analgésicos, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, diclofenaco de sodio), mientras que los otros ocho pacientes en el grupo B fueron tratados sólo con medicamentos normales. El dispositivo PEMF se aplicó al grupo A dos veces al día durante el período de que los pacientes estuvieron ingresados (como máximo nueve días). Los parámetros medidos en relación con el resultado fueron la reducción de dolor evaluada de acuerdo con la escala de calificación del dolor (ECD) y la mejoría de la capacidad funcional, según la evaluación de la escala de la actividad funcional (EAF). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con prueba t pareada y prueba de t independiente a fin de comprobar la eficacia de los resultados del tratamiento en los dos grupos. En los pacientes tratados con PEMF y analgésicos, hubo tanto un alivio del dolor como una reanudación de las funciones activas significativamente más rápidos según las estadísticas, en comparación con los índices provenientes de los pacientes tratados con analgésicos normales solamente. Estos resultados sugieren que la terapia PEMF es beneficiosa para reducir el dolor y la discapacidad en los pacientes con lumbago, y debe hacerse parte de la atención holística al lumbago. Se recomienda realizar más estudios usando PEMF en poblaciones mayores de pacientes para confirmar aún más la eficacia de la terapia PEMF en el tratamiento de lumbago.

Spinal cord injury-induced astrocyte migration and glial scar formation: Effects of magnetic stimulation frequency.

The effects of magnetic stimulation on spinal cord injury-induced migration of white matter astrocytes were studied using an established animal model. Ethidium bromide was injected into the dorsal spinal cord funiculus of adult Sprague-Dawley rats on the left side at T10-11. Animals then received 1.52 Tesla-pulsed magnetic stimulation for 5 min at different frequencies (0-20 Hz) for 14 consecutive days. Selected animals received the non-competitive MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μM), prior to stimulation at 10 Hz. Lesion volumes were measured in hematoxylin/eosin-stained sections. Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) near the epicenter of injury was examined by Western blotting with quantification using an image analysis system. Lesion volumes decreased and GFAP and p-ERK1/2 expression increased with increasing magnetic stimulation frequency (0-10 Hz). MAP-2 expression was not affected at any frequency. Pretreatment with U0126 reduced GFAP and ERK1/2 expression and increased lesion volumes in response to stimulation at 10 Hz. It is concluded that magnetic stimulation increases the migration of astrocytes to spinal cord lesions. Activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway is proposed to mediate astrocyte migration and glial scar formation in response to spinal cord injury.